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ignition sequence stars

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[Music]

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good morning and welcome to this look

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over the shoulders of the international

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space station flight control team

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members on console at nasa's johnson

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space center these are the folks charged

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with keeping a close eye on space

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station systems while assisting the

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expedition 66 crew members as they work

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through their daily agenda of science

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support and station maintenance

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commander anton shkaplerov and his

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crewmates have been busy with all of

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that this week on top of their work

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supporting the arrival of three new

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short-term crewmates who docked the

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houston station on space to ground

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welcome to the 400th episode of space to

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ground i'm leah cheshire mustachio

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two japanese space flight participants

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arrived at the orbiting laboratory

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earlier this week

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on wednesday december 8th three people

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launched to the international space

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station aboard the soyuz ms-20

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spacecraft and liftoff spaceflight

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participants usaku mezawa and yozo

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harano were led by commander and

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rascosmos cosmonaut alexander misurkin

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as the spacecraft launched at 2 38 a.m

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eastern time and docked just over six

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hours later the trio joined the seven

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astronauts and cosmonauts living aboard

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the space station for a scheduled 11-day

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mission before returning to earth

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this week nasa announced the 10 newest

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astronaut candidates out of 12 000

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applicants let's give them a big round

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of applause the 2021 nasa astronaut

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candidates were announced on monday

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december 6th over the next two years

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these astronauts will train at nasa's

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johnson space center in disciplines like

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space station systems russian language

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spacewalk training t-38 flying and more

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these candidates may someday travel to

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the space station commercial

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destinations and eventually the moon

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with the artemis program

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a new facility is finding its home

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aboard the orbiting laboratory this week

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on tuesday installation began of the

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flow boiling and condensation experiment

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the goal of this new facility is to

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collect data about two-phase flow and

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heat transfer in microgravity we'll need

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to generate more power during longer

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space missions meaning the heat produced

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needs to be dissipated

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two-phase thermal management systems

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reduce the size and weight of the system

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and make heat removal more efficient

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this experiment is yet another way the

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work being done on the space station

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continues to prepare us for future

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destinations deeper into the solar

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system

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[Music]

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all for today on space to ground we'll

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see you next week

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[Music]

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the international space station crew

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members are also on the lookout for the

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next delivery due later this month when

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a spacex cargo dragon ship arrives with

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a new load of science experiments and

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technology demonstrations here's a few

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of the highlights of what's on the way

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to space

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[Music]

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each group of astronauts and cosmonauts

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who complete a long-duration mission to

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the international space station spend

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time on a unique subset of the kinds of

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experiments that are headed to the

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station later this month

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recently the astronauts who rode to

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space on the crew 2 spaceship came back

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to earth with their own legacy of work

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on hundreds of experiments here's a look

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at just some of their accomplishments

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during 199 days in space

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[Music]

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the crew is go for ingress and you can

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see

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aki is the first to

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ingress onto the international space

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station

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we're so excited to be here we're ready

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to get to work there's a lot of great

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science and that we're just excited to

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[Music]

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the experiment that's taking up most of

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my time right now is called celestial

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immunity and it's a really interesting

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experiment that involves looking at

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immune pathways and i have an expert

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that's looking over my shoulder via

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camera and she can talk with me kind of

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step by step as we go through the

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process that looks good megan

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all right thank you very much i'm sure

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i'll be talking to you again tomorrow

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yes you will

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recently i've been working on a really

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interesting educational experiment it's

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called the blob it's that that

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crazy monocellular being that has no

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brain but can learn uh and can actually

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search food and solve mazes it's pretty

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contained on the space station don't

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worry about it it's very tiny uh but so

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we're we're working on all kinds of

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endeavors like this and every day you

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know brings its uh it's a lot of

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discoveries on the space station that's

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very exciting

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we're tracking a full and good deploy of

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that solar array so well done both of

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you it's beautiful

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we're in a season now actually of doing

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cargo ops we have two spacecraft that

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are attached to us that brought us cargo

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and now we're packing them back up to

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get them ready for departure

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onboard the international space station

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we do help out some of the development

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of medicine without gravity you get

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larger chunks of pure protein crystals

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what we're looking for today are

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needle-like structures perfect there

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well it is a fantastic view that we have

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we see the thin layer of atmosphere

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that's protecting all of you down on

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earth so just taking care of our planet

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has kind of been a change maybe mentally

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from seeing it from this perspective

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we are growing some chili peppers in the

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plant habitat here in the japanese

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experiment module

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it's one of the more complicated things

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that have been grown in space and so

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they do take a little longer to come to

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fruition so we're really hoping that we

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get to try some peppers before the end

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of our mission

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over the years the capabilities of the

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laboratory have expanded and grown along

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with the interest in doing this kind of

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research in low earth orbit which i

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think is really remarkable so we are

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really kind of at the peak of that i

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think and so we've seen a little bit of

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everything right we've done

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human immune system research so lots of

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research into medication formation

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fluids research combustion research even

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robotics research this huge range of

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different things that we've gotten to

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touch during our mission and the way

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science works as you know is this is the

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building blocks for stuff to come and so

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the results from these experiments will

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come out in the years to come but they

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will also be the foundation of

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experiments that are designed in the

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following years and so all of the

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research is going to be stuff that we

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get to say oh we had a little part of

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that we got we got our hands on a little

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bit of that which is a pretty neat

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feeling

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some potential future crew members on

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the international space station also

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were the center of attention this week

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as leah noted a moment ago nasa

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introduced a new class of 10 astronaut

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candidates who will begin training here

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at the johnson space center next month

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take a look these are the faces that

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you're going to be seeing from space and

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maybe from the moon and mars in the

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ladies and gentlemen

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today we are introducing to you

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my name is luke delaney i'm a retired

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major from the marine corps working at

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nasa langley as a research pilot and i'm

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now an astronaut candidate nasa

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astronaut to me is explorer at heart i

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think they're the very embodiment of it

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you get to inspire people from all walks

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to me it's somebody who's always

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challenging themselves and always trying

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to

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you know push the bounds of mankind

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i wanted to be an astronaut since i was

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a little kid i grew up wanting to learn

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how to fly learn how to go to space so

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some of my earliest memories are

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are of wanting to become an astronaut

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since i was little i've always had an

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affinity for the sky and for space and

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the stars and so i set my sights as a

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very young child on getting here

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[Music]

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it is just a chance to explore and just

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keep pushing where we can go and what's

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possible and what people are capable of

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a nasa astronaut is an explorer they get

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to go up and live in space and do

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research so that we can learn more about

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human space flight

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i think a nasa astronaut is the most

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visible part of a much larger team of

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individuals that are striving to

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improve humanity

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nasa astronaut to me

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is an ambassador for

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the nasa organization as well as its

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mission

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we're really lucky to be sort of the tip

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of a huge organization that's all

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working together to try to achieve some

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pretty amazing

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[Music]

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things international space station crew

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members and astronaut candidates get

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focused training on how to operate

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station equipment such as the

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microgravity sciences glove box an

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enclosed space for experiments that

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involve potentially hazardous materials

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in this speedy time segment astronaut

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peggy whitson pulls the rack out of the

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wall in the destiny laboratory to show

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us how the msg works

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today we wanted to talk to you about

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microgravity sciences glovebox we do all

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kinds of experiments in here i've grown

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tissue culture cells i've looked at how

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air and fluids separate i've grown

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superconductor crystals in here and they

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got up to over 700 degrees fahrenheit so

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this environment was to protect us from

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what was happening inside the experiment

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now i'm growing cells and they have to

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be grown in a sterile environment so now

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i'm protecting the cells from me by

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having them inside this environment so

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it's very flexible and we can change out

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all the experiments by opening up this

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big door on the front then once we've

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got the experiment set up inside you can

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access from the sides or we have this

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little air lock down here that if you

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wanted to you could access from here as

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well it's kind of like a transformer at

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the end of the day when you're done

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working with it you just push it back

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into the rack there we go and it fits

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right in very nicely within the rack

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volume the other thing that goes along

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with this or is attached to this is a

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microscope we have a fantastic

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microscope with capability to send the

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videos and pictures down to the ground

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on the ground been looking at the

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structures that are forming differently

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here in zero gravity that's why they're

281
00:12:42,710 --> 00:12:40,880
doing the research here is to see what

282
00:12:45,110 --> 00:12:42,720
what new they can discover so very cool

283
00:12:53,590 --> 00:12:45,120
science very cool piece of hardware

284
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astronauts on the international space

285
00:12:59,750 --> 00:12:57,600
station spend some of their time doing

286
00:13:02,389 --> 00:12:59,760
science experiments some of their time

287
00:13:04,389 --> 00:13:02,399
keeping their spaceship operating safely

288
00:13:07,350 --> 00:13:04,399
and sometimes they help explain

289
00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:07,360
scientific concepts to students on earth

290
00:13:11,910 --> 00:13:09,680
in this demonstration video one time

291
00:13:14,870 --> 00:13:11,920
station commander suni williams guides

292
00:13:16,790 --> 00:13:14,880
us as mark vandehei and jeff williams

293
00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:16,800
use the weightless environment to

294
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[Music]

295
00:13:48,230 --> 00:13:46,399
hi i'm sunny williams and i'm an

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astronaut who's lived and worked aboard

297
00:13:52,310 --> 00:13:50,079
the international space station

298
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an amazing research laboratory that's

299
00:13:55,990 --> 00:13:54,959
orbiting the earth about 250 miles above

300
00:13:57,750 --> 00:13:56,000
us

301
00:13:59,990 --> 00:13:57,760
while we're at the space station we

302
00:14:03,030 --> 00:14:00,000
astronauts live and work in a

303
00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:03,040
microgravity environment do you think

304
00:14:06,629 --> 00:14:05,040
the laws of physics will hold up in the

305
00:14:08,310 --> 00:14:06,639
space station while experiencing

306
00:14:10,310 --> 00:14:08,320
microgravity

307
00:14:12,150 --> 00:14:10,320
let's check with nasa astronaut mark

308
00:14:18,389 --> 00:14:12,160
vandehei on the international space

309
00:14:22,629 --> 00:14:20,550
newton's first law of motion says an

310
00:14:26,629 --> 00:14:22,639
object at rest tends to stay at rest

311
00:14:27,670 --> 00:14:26,639
unless acted on by an outside force

312
00:14:30,310 --> 00:14:27,680
also

313
00:14:32,710 --> 00:14:30,320
an object in motion

314
00:14:34,870 --> 00:14:32,720
tends to stay in motion unless acted on

315
00:14:40,230 --> 00:14:34,880
by an outside force

316
00:14:44,389 --> 00:14:42,629
let's look at this from another angle

317
00:14:46,550 --> 00:14:44,399
over time the international space

318
00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:46,560
station slows down from experiencing a

319
00:14:53,030 --> 00:14:49,920
very small amount of drag or force

320
00:14:54,150 --> 00:14:53,040
from a tiny amount of atomic oxygen in

321
00:14:56,470 --> 00:14:54,160
space

322
00:14:58,470 --> 00:14:56,480
this is like the force you feel from the

323
00:14:59,750 --> 00:14:58,480
air if you stick your hand out of a

324
00:15:02,310 --> 00:14:59,760
moving car

325
00:15:04,470 --> 00:15:02,320
because of this the space station does

326
00:15:06,870 --> 00:15:04,480
what we call a reboost

327
00:15:08,870 --> 00:15:06,880
a reboost uses rocket engines to put a

328
00:15:11,829 --> 00:15:08,880
force on the space station

329
00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:11,839
this allows it to speed up just a little

330
00:15:16,550 --> 00:15:14,320
to remain in orbit around the earth

331
00:15:18,710 --> 00:15:16,560
let's join nasa astronaut jeff williams

332
00:15:22,230 --> 00:15:18,720
to check out what happens to the objects

333
00:15:23,910 --> 00:15:22,240
inside the space station when it begins

334
00:15:25,269 --> 00:15:23,920
now the way i'm going to demonstrate the

335
00:15:28,310 --> 00:15:25,279
acceleration that comes during the

336
00:15:30,949 --> 00:15:28,320
reboost is by using this camera uh 800

337
00:15:32,470 --> 00:15:30,959
millimeter land so it's pretty massive

338
00:15:35,110 --> 00:15:32,480
actually

339
00:15:36,230 --> 00:15:35,120
and you can see i can float it here

340
00:15:37,990 --> 00:15:36,240
and

341
00:15:39,350 --> 00:15:38,000
there's no reapers going on right now so

342
00:15:41,189 --> 00:15:39,360
the camera's not going to go anywhere

343
00:15:44,069 --> 00:15:41,199
just going to slowly drift due to the

344
00:15:46,310 --> 00:15:44,079
ventilation or or if i put any

345
00:15:47,749 --> 00:15:46,320
uh velocity into it it'll drift out of

346
00:15:49,990 --> 00:15:47,759
the scene but i'm going to try to hold

347
00:15:51,990 --> 00:15:50,000
it here steady and you can see that it

348
00:15:54,310 --> 00:15:52,000
stays very steady

349
00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:54,320
there's my camera i'm setting it up for

350
00:15:57,430 --> 00:15:56,160
ignition

351
00:16:00,310 --> 00:15:57,440
there it goes

352
00:16:02,470 --> 00:16:00,320
it actually came a little bit early

353
00:16:03,829 --> 00:16:02,480
now watch the camera accelerate

354
00:16:05,350 --> 00:16:03,839
toward you

355
00:16:06,310 --> 00:16:05,360
there it goes i'm going to reach out and

356
00:16:09,030 --> 00:16:06,320
grab it

357
00:16:11,350 --> 00:16:09,040
and bring it back in the view here

358
00:16:13,350 --> 00:16:11,360
and i'm holding it i'm actually feeling

359
00:16:14,389 --> 00:16:13,360
the acceleration i'm going to let go

360
00:16:18,710 --> 00:16:14,399
again

361
00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:23,430
i'll try not to let it hit you

362
00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:27,430
just gonna miss you

363
00:16:31,269 --> 00:16:29,430
yeah i'm gonna let go now

364
00:16:33,189 --> 00:16:31,279
and here i go drifting back toward you

365
00:16:36,790 --> 00:16:33,199
again so the acceleration applies to me

366
00:16:41,990 --> 00:16:39,670
reached our 2.7 meters per second that

367
00:16:43,030 --> 00:16:42,000
we desired and now if i let go of the

368
00:16:44,949 --> 00:16:43,040
camera

369
00:16:46,069 --> 00:16:44,959
it's not going anywhere so the burn is

370
00:16:48,470 --> 00:16:46,079
over

371
00:16:50,550 --> 00:16:48,480
reboost complete we'll stay in orbit for

372
00:16:52,310 --> 00:16:50,560
a little while longer

373
00:16:54,389 --> 00:16:52,320
can you use newton's first law to

374
00:16:56,230 --> 00:16:54,399
explain why the camera began moving

375
00:16:58,230 --> 00:16:56,240
without an astronaut putting a force

376
00:17:00,550 --> 00:16:58,240
directly on it

377
00:17:02,710 --> 00:17:00,560
i'm going to send you back to class so

378
00:17:04,630 --> 00:17:02,720
you can start to investigate this with

379
00:17:07,429 --> 00:17:04,640
the classroom connection found at

380
00:17:09,429 --> 00:17:07,439
nasa.gov demonstrations

381
00:17:11,669 --> 00:17:09,439
thanks for exploring a little physics on

382
00:17:15,950 --> 00:17:11,679
the space station with us today see you

383
00:17:15,960 --> 00:17:29,830
[Music]

384
00:17:34,310 --> 00:17:32,310
there is an instrument on the outside of

385
00:17:36,470 --> 00:17:34,320
the international space station that has

386
00:17:39,669 --> 00:17:36,480
been sifting through cosmic ray

387
00:17:42,070 --> 00:17:39,679
particles since 2011 to help us learn

388
00:17:44,390 --> 00:17:42,080
more about the origins of our universe

389
00:17:47,190 --> 00:17:44,400
but the alpha magnetic spectrometer

390
00:17:49,270 --> 00:17:47,200
wasn't designed to operate that long or

391
00:17:51,669 --> 00:17:49,280
to be repaired in space so it could

392
00:17:53,990 --> 00:17:51,679
continue its mission but nasa's

393
00:17:55,830 --> 00:17:54,000
exploration and in-space services

394
00:17:57,990 --> 00:17:55,840
project division at the goddard space

395
00:18:00,470 --> 00:17:58,000
flight center along with some folks here

396
00:18:03,190 --> 00:18:00,480
at the johnson space center figured out

397
00:18:05,669 --> 00:18:03,200
how to do just that and in today's tech

398
00:18:08,150 --> 00:18:05,679
on deck episode they show us how they

399
00:18:12,830 --> 00:18:10,310
before i started there and digging in

400
00:18:14,390 --> 00:18:12,840
that one that other bag here we go no

401
00:18:15,990 --> 00:18:14,400
problem

402
00:18:17,830 --> 00:18:16,000
if you need to fix something in space

403
00:18:19,590 --> 00:18:17,840
that wasn't designed to be fixed it's

404
00:18:21,510 --> 00:18:19,600
going to take all the experience you can

405
00:18:23,270 --> 00:18:21,520
get with that in mind when the

406
00:18:25,909 --> 00:18:23,280
international space station's alpha

407
00:18:27,029 --> 00:18:25,919
magnetic spectrometer or ams needed

408
00:18:29,029 --> 00:18:27,039
repairs

409
00:18:30,789 --> 00:18:29,039
nasa's johnson space center and goddard

410
00:18:32,789 --> 00:18:30,799
space flight center used their joint

411
00:18:34,950 --> 00:18:32,799
expertise to make it happen

412
00:18:37,270 --> 00:18:34,960
at goddard that expertise resides in

413
00:18:39,909 --> 00:18:37,280
nasa's exploration and in-space services

414
00:18:41,510 --> 00:18:39,919
division or nexus which evolved from the

415
00:18:43,190 --> 00:18:41,520
office that was responsible for the

416
00:18:45,270 --> 00:18:43,200
hubble space telescope servicing

417
00:18:47,590 --> 00:18:45,280
missions key to these missions was the

418
00:18:49,270 --> 00:18:47,600
development of specialized tools

419
00:18:51,590 --> 00:18:49,280
while you've probably heard of hubble

420
00:18:54,430 --> 00:18:51,600
you may not be as familiar with ams so

421
00:19:06,390 --> 00:18:54,440
let's start there

422
00:19:08,230 --> 00:19:06,400
[Music]

423
00:19:10,870 --> 00:19:08,240
designed for a three-year mission of

424
00:19:12,310 --> 00:19:10,880
sifting through cosmic ray particles ams

425
00:19:14,070 --> 00:19:12,320
has been looking for signs of dark

426
00:19:15,669 --> 00:19:14,080
matter from its position on station

427
00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:15,679
since 2011.

428
00:19:19,590 --> 00:19:17,440
hundreds of researchers have used the

429
00:19:21,590 --> 00:19:19,600
data collected to investigate the source

430
00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:21,600
of the mysterious substance to help us

431
00:19:24,470 --> 00:19:23,600
better understand the origins of the

432
00:19:25,990 --> 00:19:24,480
universe

433
00:19:28,630 --> 00:19:26,000
to continue this important data

434
00:19:30,310 --> 00:19:28,640
collection ams needed an upgrade due to

435
00:19:32,870 --> 00:19:30,320
general wear and tear from the harsh

436
00:19:35,430 --> 00:19:32,880
environment of space specifically a new

437
00:19:37,590 --> 00:19:35,440
cooling system a repair could extend its

438
00:19:40,230 --> 00:19:37,600
life beyond what was originally planned

439
00:19:42,150 --> 00:19:40,240
sounds easy enough right in fact due to

440
00:19:44,470 --> 00:19:42,160
the instrument's complexity and the fact

441
00:19:46,390 --> 00:19:44,480
that it was not designed to be repaired

442
00:19:49,430 --> 00:19:46,400
even gaining access to the system to

443
00:19:51,510 --> 00:19:49,440
replace it was difficult ams design did

444
00:19:53,990 --> 00:19:51,520
not incorporate the kinds of interfaces

445
00:19:55,830 --> 00:19:54,000
that make spacewalks easier or have the

446
00:19:58,549 --> 00:19:55,840
ability to be serviced with traditional

447
00:20:00,870 --> 00:19:58,559
multi-purpose tools and so over the

448
00:20:02,470 --> 00:20:00,880
course of four years nasa got to work

449
00:20:04,470 --> 00:20:02,480
designing and developing some of the

450
00:20:06,630 --> 00:20:04,480
most complex spacewalks since the hubble

451
00:20:08,950 --> 00:20:06,640
servicing missions in the 90s and early

452
00:20:11,750 --> 00:20:08,960
2000s to fix ams

453
00:20:13,590 --> 00:20:11,760
the ams tools themselves were

454
00:20:15,830 --> 00:20:13,600
unique they were built specifically for

455
00:20:18,549 --> 00:20:15,840
this task a task that was never intended

456
00:20:20,549 --> 00:20:18,559
to be performed on a spacewalk so that

457
00:20:22,710 --> 00:20:20,559
required a lot of thinking about how we

458
00:20:24,470 --> 00:20:22,720
were going to get inside so that we

459
00:20:26,549 --> 00:20:24,480
could access the tubes that we needed to

460
00:20:28,950 --> 00:20:26,559
cut into and then install the new

461
00:20:31,029 --> 00:20:28,960
thermal control system but also how to

462
00:20:32,390 --> 00:20:31,039
put handling aids on it so that we had a

463
00:20:34,789 --> 00:20:32,400
place to

464
00:20:37,029 --> 00:20:34,799
attach our tethers to attach our foot

465
00:20:39,350 --> 00:20:37,039
restraints to have hand holds have a

466
00:20:40,549 --> 00:20:39,360
place to attach equipment that we needed

467
00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:40,559
out there

468
00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:42,880
nasa developed 20 specialized tools to

469
00:20:48,549 --> 00:20:45,520
make the job possible and on november 15

470
00:20:50,470 --> 00:20:48,559
2019 astronauts andrew morgan and luca

471
00:20:52,390 --> 00:20:50,480
parmitano got to work

472
00:20:55,029 --> 00:20:52,400
on this first spacewalk astronauts

473
00:20:56,789 --> 00:20:55,039
needed to get access by design five of

474
00:20:59,110 --> 00:20:56,799
the tools could be seen floating off

475
00:21:00,950 --> 00:20:59,120
into space attached to the debris shield

476
00:21:03,510 --> 00:21:00,960
that was removed to give the astronauts

477
00:21:05,270 --> 00:21:03,520
access to the heart of ams

478
00:21:08,230 --> 00:21:05,280
the debris shield handling aid was one

479
00:21:11,750 --> 00:21:08,240
of the first tools that luca installed

480
00:21:14,149 --> 00:21:11,760
on the eva and this gave us a handhold

481
00:21:17,270 --> 00:21:14,159
to install on the debris shield to work

482
00:21:19,430 --> 00:21:17,280
from but also a handle for me to hold on

483
00:21:20,710 --> 00:21:19,440
to ultimately when we jettisoned it

484
00:21:22,789 --> 00:21:20,720
overboard

485
00:21:24,310 --> 00:21:22,799
to the aft side of the iss which was a

486
00:21:26,310 --> 00:21:24,320
lot of fun to do

487
00:21:28,310 --> 00:21:26,320
the astronauts continued with three more

488
00:21:29,990 --> 00:21:28,320
spacewalks over the next two months

489
00:21:31,110 --> 00:21:30,000
using all of the specially designed

490
00:21:33,270 --> 00:21:31,120
tools

491
00:21:35,190 --> 00:21:33,280
one such tool was the tube cutting guide

492
00:21:36,870 --> 00:21:35,200
which was a direct result of multiple

493
00:21:38,549 --> 00:21:36,880
practice sessions at johnson space

494
00:21:39,990 --> 00:21:38,559
center facilities like the neutral

495
00:21:42,149 --> 00:21:40,000
buoyancy lab

496
00:21:44,070 --> 00:21:42,159
while practicing astronauts communicated

497
00:21:46,310 --> 00:21:44,080
the need for a way to identify and

498
00:21:47,669 --> 00:21:46,320
verify the correct tubes to cut since

499
00:21:51,190 --> 00:21:47,679
they all look the same to the

500
00:21:53,590 --> 00:21:51,200
astronaut's eyes within the space suit

501
00:21:55,669 --> 00:21:53,600
after we had removed the debris shield

502
00:21:58,230 --> 00:21:55,679
and the vsb cover

503
00:22:00,549 --> 00:21:58,240
now we have the tubes exposed and we

504
00:22:02,149 --> 00:22:00,559
actually had to cut into those tubes in

505
00:22:03,830 --> 00:22:02,159
order to pull out the correct ones to

506
00:22:06,310 --> 00:22:03,840
connect with the new thermal control

507
00:22:08,390 --> 00:22:06,320
system the new pump in order to do that

508
00:22:10,789 --> 00:22:08,400
we had to be very sure of the tubes that

509
00:22:12,789 --> 00:22:10,799
we were cutting these ingenious tube

510
00:22:15,190 --> 00:22:12,799
cutting guides installed over the top of

511
00:22:17,110 --> 00:22:15,200
the tubes and made sure that we knew and

512
00:22:18,710 --> 00:22:17,120
we were communicating correctly with the

513
00:22:20,549 --> 00:22:18,720
ground team to make sure that we were

514
00:22:21,830 --> 00:22:20,559
cutting the correct tube at the right

515
00:22:24,870 --> 00:22:21,840
time

516
00:22:26,870 --> 00:22:24,880
in january 2020 luca parmitano and drew

517
00:22:29,110 --> 00:22:26,880
morgan completed the fourth and final

518
00:22:31,029 --> 00:22:29,120
spacewalk to repair ams

519
00:22:33,270 --> 00:22:31,039
because of their work and the ingenuity

520
00:22:35,270 --> 00:22:33,280
of tool designers and engineers the

521
00:22:37,430 --> 00:22:35,280
instrument is now back in commission and

522
00:22:39,590 --> 00:22:37,440
able to continue to collect data about

523
00:22:43,909 --> 00:22:39,600
the origins of our universe for years to

524
00:22:49,110 --> 00:22:46,710
people from goddard and jfc spent a lot

525
00:22:51,110 --> 00:22:49,120
of time developing these tools

526
00:22:53,830 --> 00:22:51,120
with their knowledge and the support of

527
00:22:56,470 --> 00:22:53,840
astronauts like chris cassidy

528
00:22:59,190 --> 00:22:56,480
we are very thankful that we were

529
00:22:59,610 --> 00:22:59,200
privileged to use those tools and put

530
00:23:00,789 --> 00:22:59,620
them to

531
00:23:02,950 --> 00:23:00,799
[Music]

532
00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:02,960
make successful use

533
00:23:06,230 --> 00:23:04,050
thank you very much

534
00:23:09,909 --> 00:23:06,240
[Music]

535
00:23:11,990 --> 00:23:09,919
it's positioned 250 miles above earth

536
00:23:14,310 --> 00:23:12,000
makes the international space station a

537
00:23:17,350 --> 00:23:14,320
great location for scientific research

538
00:23:18,870 --> 00:23:17,360
about this planet this one right here

539
00:23:21,510 --> 00:23:18,880
and there's an instrument on board that

540
00:23:24,149 --> 00:23:21,520
gathers information about how plants on

541
00:23:26,230 --> 00:23:24,159
earth sweat which provides data to

542
00:23:28,210 --> 00:23:26,240
scientists who are monitoring the health

543
00:23:31,909 --> 00:23:28,220
of earth's vegetation

544
00:23:31,919 --> 00:23:37,590
sweating can be cool

545
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:42,230
presented by science at nasa

546
00:23:46,950 --> 00:23:44,390
did you ever notice how the air can seem

547
00:23:48,789 --> 00:23:46,960
cooler when you enter a forest humans

548
00:23:51,830 --> 00:23:48,799
aren't the only living things that sweat

549
00:23:53,909 --> 00:23:51,840
to cool off when trees and plants sweat

550
00:23:56,470 --> 00:23:53,919
they cool themselves and can cool the

551
00:23:58,950 --> 00:23:56,480
surrounding air through a process called

552
00:24:01,029 --> 00:23:58,960
transpiration water and nutrients are

553
00:24:03,269 --> 00:24:01,039
taken up by plant roots from soil and

554
00:24:05,190 --> 00:24:03,279
delivered to the stem and leaves as part

555
00:24:06,710 --> 00:24:05,200
of photosynthesis

556
00:24:08,950 --> 00:24:06,720
some of the water drawn up through the

557
00:24:12,230 --> 00:24:08,960
roots exits the plants through pores or

558
00:24:15,269 --> 00:24:12,240
stomata in its leaves hence the sweating

559
00:24:18,149 --> 00:24:15,279
as this sweat evaporates heat is removed

560
00:24:20,390 --> 00:24:18,159
from the air providing a cooling effect

561
00:24:22,549 --> 00:24:20,400
however if there isn't enough water

562
00:24:25,590 --> 00:24:22,559
available or relative humidity gets too

563
00:24:29,909 --> 00:24:25,600
high the stomata close the plant heats

564
00:24:31,510 --> 00:24:29,919
up ceases to grow and can eventually die

565
00:24:33,830 --> 00:24:31,520
healthy plants provide a number of

566
00:24:36,710 --> 00:24:33,840
ecosystem services to humans including

567
00:24:38,710 --> 00:24:36,720
food recreation and building materials

568
00:24:40,310 --> 00:24:38,720
plants also impact earth's global water

569
00:24:42,549 --> 00:24:40,320
and carbon cycles with plant

570
00:24:43,990 --> 00:24:42,559
transpiration accounting for around 10

571
00:24:45,350 --> 00:24:44,000
percent of the moisture in our

572
00:24:47,990 --> 00:24:45,360
atmosphere

573
00:24:50,950 --> 00:24:48,000
a new nasa mission called ecostress

574
00:24:53,590 --> 00:24:50,960
short for ecosystem spaceborne thermal

575
00:24:55,110 --> 00:24:53,600
radiometer experiment on space station

576
00:24:58,830 --> 00:24:55,120
was successfully launched to the

577
00:25:01,669 --> 00:24:58,840
international space station on june 29

578
00:25:04,149 --> 00:25:01,679
2018 ecostress will literally study how

579
00:25:05,669 --> 00:25:04,159
plants sweat providing the most detailed

580
00:25:07,430 --> 00:25:05,679
measurements of plant temperatures

581
00:25:09,110 --> 00:25:07,440
available from space and helping

582
00:25:11,029 --> 00:25:09,120
researchers monitor the health of

583
00:25:12,789 --> 00:25:11,039
earth's vegetation

584
00:25:14,470 --> 00:25:12,799
your temperature is one of the first

585
00:25:16,710 --> 00:25:14,480
things a doctor wants to know when you

586
00:25:18,710 --> 00:25:16,720
go for a checkup says simon hook

587
00:25:21,190 --> 00:25:18,720
ecostress principal investigator from

588
00:25:22,870 --> 00:25:21,200
nasa's jet propulsion laboratory it

589
00:25:25,269 --> 00:25:22,880
tells your doctor a lot about your

590
00:25:27,990 --> 00:25:25,279
condition temperature is an extremely

591
00:25:30,149 --> 00:25:28,000
useful indicator for plants too

592
00:25:32,230 --> 00:25:30,159
temperature data can indicate if a plant

593
00:25:34,710 --> 00:25:32,240
is stressed and needs more water before

594
00:25:36,870 --> 00:25:34,720
the plant collapses providing an early

595
00:25:37,669 --> 00:25:36,880
warning of a possible drought explains

596
00:25:39,669 --> 00:25:37,679
hook

597
00:25:42,230 --> 00:25:39,679
ecostress will be able to measure plant

598
00:25:44,870 --> 00:25:42,240
temperatures and therefore plant health

599
00:25:46,390 --> 00:25:44,880
over areas as small as an individual

600
00:25:48,549 --> 00:25:46,400
field of crops

601
00:25:50,870 --> 00:25:48,559
the international space station is well

602
00:25:51,750 --> 00:25:50,880
suited for the ecostress mission hook

603
00:25:53,830 --> 00:25:51,760
says

604
00:25:56,149 --> 00:25:53,840
most earth observing satellites are in a

605
00:25:58,630 --> 00:25:56,159
sun synchronous orbit so they pass over

606
00:26:00,710 --> 00:25:58,640
an area at the same time each day

607
00:26:02,950 --> 00:26:00,720
providing us a daily snapshot of that

608
00:26:05,750 --> 00:26:02,960
area because of the space station's

609
00:26:08,149 --> 00:26:05,760
orbit ecostress sees the same spot on

610
00:26:10,149 --> 00:26:08,159
earth every few days at different times

611
00:26:12,149 --> 00:26:10,159
of day so it can track changes

612
00:26:14,870 --> 00:26:12,159
throughout a typical day

613
00:26:16,470 --> 00:26:14,880
if during a hot dry afternoon plants

614
00:26:19,430 --> 00:26:16,480
stop releasing water to conserve

615
00:26:21,029 --> 00:26:19,440
supplies ecostress will see a change in

616
00:26:23,110 --> 00:26:21,039
temperature compared with previous

617
00:26:25,029 --> 00:26:23,120
measurements of the same area

618
00:26:27,909 --> 00:26:25,039
it will detect these kinds of responses

619
00:26:31,110 --> 00:26:27,919
in farmer's fields and other ecosystems

620
00:26:33,029 --> 00:26:31,120
data acquired from ecostress may in time

621
00:26:35,669 --> 00:26:33,039
help farmers develop crop watering

622
00:26:37,669 --> 00:26:35,679
protocols give researchers a clearer

623
00:26:39,750 --> 00:26:37,679
understanding of the effects of drought

624
00:26:42,470 --> 00:26:39,760
and assist water resource managers in

625
00:26:43,990 --> 00:26:42,480
planning effective water use its data

626
00:26:46,230 --> 00:26:44,000
could also reveal the effects of

627
00:26:48,549 --> 00:26:46,240
droughts on natural vegetation for

628
00:26:49,990 --> 00:26:48,559
example to help identify vulnerable

629
00:26:52,070 --> 00:26:50,000
types of trees

630
00:26:54,149 --> 00:26:52,080
forest managers and ecologists will be

631
00:26:56,630 --> 00:26:54,159
able to use this information to make

632
00:26:58,230 --> 00:26:56,640
better informed decisions

633
00:27:00,149 --> 00:26:58,240
but that's not all

634
00:27:03,510 --> 00:27:00,159
ecostress temperature data will be

635
00:27:06,070 --> 00:27:03,520
useful in a whole host of ways says hook

636
00:27:08,230 --> 00:27:06,080
we'll be able to use the same techniques

637
00:27:10,230 --> 00:27:08,240
developed to extract plant temperature

638
00:27:12,470 --> 00:27:10,240
to look at other phenomena such as the

639
00:27:16,070 --> 00:27:12,480
temperature of volcanoes urban heat

640
00:27:17,350 --> 00:27:16,080
waves wildfires coastal currents lakes

641
00:27:20,630 --> 00:27:17,360
and more

642
00:27:23,269 --> 00:27:20,640
that's a whole story in itself want to

643
00:27:29,830 --> 00:27:23,279
learn more about this cool mission no

644
00:27:33,590 --> 00:27:31,430
want another look at any of those

645
00:27:35,990 --> 00:27:33,600
stories we showed you today well you can

646
00:27:38,389 --> 00:27:36,000
find them all of them on youtube and

647
00:27:40,549 --> 00:27:38,399
facebook at those addresses right there

648
00:27:43,190 --> 00:27:40,559
along with lots of other great features

649
00:27:44,950 --> 00:27:43,200
on a wide variety of nasa topics

650
00:27:46,870 --> 00:27:44,960
if you're looking for good conversation

651
00:27:49,430 --> 00:27:46,880
about human space flight check out

652
00:27:51,510 --> 00:27:49,440
houston we have a podcast our weekly

653
00:27:53,350 --> 00:27:51,520
show about all aspects of human space

654
00:27:56,310 --> 00:27:53,360
flight and nasa's missions of

655
00:27:58,549 --> 00:27:56,320
exploration today gary jordan talks with

656
00:28:00,950 --> 00:27:58,559
donna mckenzie and steve robinson of

657
00:28:03,590 --> 00:28:00,960
third rock radio to learn more about the

658
00:28:06,389 --> 00:28:03,600
station celebrating its 10th anniversary

659
00:28:09,110 --> 00:28:06,399
of radio powered with nasa go to

660
00:28:11,669 --> 00:28:09,120
nasa.gov podcasts for this week's

661
00:28:13,750 --> 00:28:11,679
episode and all our previous episodes

662
00:28:16,070 --> 00:28:13,760
you'll also find the full library of all

663
00:28:18,789 --> 00:28:16,080
nasa podcasts and you'll find them all

664
00:28:20,950 --> 00:28:18,799
on apple podcasts google podcasts and

665
00:28:23,350 --> 00:28:20,960
soundcloud too and you can get the

666
00:28:26,789 --> 00:28:23,360
latest from all over nasa delivered to

667
00:28:29,190 --> 00:28:26,799
you every week go to nasa.gov